In a repo, the investor/lender provides cash to a borrower, the loan being secured by the borrower`s collateral, usually bonds. If the borrower becomes insolvent, the guarantee is granted to the investor/lender. Investors are generally financial enterprises such as money funds, while borrowers are non-intrusive financial institutions, such as investment banks and hedge funds. The investor/lender calculates an interest rate called “pension rate” $X the granting of loans and recovers a higher amount $Y. In addition, the investor/lender may demand guarantees that require a value greater than the amount he lends. This difference is the “haircut.” These concepts are illustrated in the diagram and in the equations section. If investors are at greater risk, they may charge higher pension interest rates and demand higher reductions. A third party may be involved to facilitate the transaction; In this case, the transaction is called a “tri-party deposit.” [3] In particular, Part B acts as a lender in a pension institution, while Seller A acts as a cash borrower and uses the guarantee as collateral; in an inverted repo (A) is the lender and (B) the borrower. A pension is economically similar to a secured loan, with the buyer (actually the lender or investor) obtaining guarantees to protect themselves from a seller`s default. The party that sells the securities at first is actually the borrower. Many types of institutional investors conduct repo transactions, including investment funds and hedge funds. [5] Almost all guarantees can be used in a repo, although highly liquidated securities are preferred, as they can be sold more easily in the event of default and, more importantly, they can easily be obtained on the open market, where the buyer has created a short position in the pension guarantee through an inverted repo and a sale in the market; at the same time, against liquid securities is not recommended. In the case of a repurchase transaction, the Desk acquires cash, agency or mortgage-backed securities (MbS) from a counterparty, subject to a subsequent resale agreement.
It is economically akin to a loan secured by securities with a value greater than the loan, in order to protect the desk from market and credit risks. Reseat operations temporarily increase the amount of reserve balances in the banking system. The re-board operations take place in three forms: indicated delivery, tri-party and detention (where the “selling” party maintains the guarantee during the life of the pension). The third form (Hold-in-custody) is quite rare, especially in development-oriented markets, due in part to the risk that the seller may intervene before the transaction is completed and that the buyer will not be able to recover the guarantees issued as collateral for the transaction. The first form – the indicated delivery – requires the delivery of a predetermined loan at the beginning and maturity of the contract. Tri-Party is essentially a form of trading basket and allows a wider range of instruments in the basket or pool. In the case of a tripartite repurchase transaction, a third-party agent or bank is placed between the “seller” and the buyer. The third party retains control of the securities that are the subject of the agreement and processes payments made by the “seller” to the buyer. The value of the security is generally higher than the purchase price of the securities.